“This is some of the first research on reminding kids about their multi-faceted selves,” said lead author Sarah Gaither, an assistant professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke. “Such reminders boost their problem-solving skills and how flexibly they see their social worlds – all from a simple mindset switch.”

Better problem-solving was just one positive finding of the study, Gaither said. After considering their own various identities, children also showed more flexible thinking about race and other social groupings -- a behavior that could be valuable in an increasingly diverse society.

The research appears July 2 in the journal Developmental Science.

In a series of experiments, Gaither and her colleagues looked at 196 children, ages 6 and 7. All were native English speakers.

In one experiment, the first group of children was reminded they have various identities, such as son, daughter, reader or helper. A second group of children was reminded of their multiple physical attributes (such as a mouth, arms and legs).

In another experiment, one group of children was again reminded they have various identities. A second set of children received similar prompts -- but about other children’s many roles, not their own.

All the children then tackled a series of tasks. Children who were reminded of their various identities demonstrated stronger problem-solving and creative thinking skills. For instance, when shown pictures of a bear gazing at a honey-filled beehive high up in a tree, these children had more creative ideas for how the bear might get the honey, such as flipping over a bowl so that it becomes a stool. In other words, they saw a new use for the bowl.

Children who were reminded of their multiple roles also showed more flexible thinking about social groupings. When asked to categorize different photos of faces, they suggested many ways to do so. For instance, they identified smiling faces vs. unsmiling ones, and old vs. young faces. The other children, meanwhile, primarily grouped people’s faces by race and gender.  

Because the results suggest simple ways to promote flexible, inclusive thinking for the young, they could be especially valuable for teachers, Gaither said.

“We have this tendency in our society to only think about ourselves in connection with one important group at a time,” Gaither said. “When we remind kids that they have various identities, they think beyond our society’s default categories, and remember that there are many other groups in addition to race and gender.


The research was supported by a University of Chicago Provost’s Postdoctoral Scholarship, by NICHD R01HD070890 and by the Chicago Center for Practical Wisdom.
“Thinking About Multiple Identities Boosts Children’s Flexible Thinking,” Sarah Gaither, Samantha Fan and Katherine Kinzler. July 2019, Developmental Science. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12871